Classes of Parts of Speech:

Structural Grammarians classify parts of speech as often identifiable through the position in which they are used because they change their position in the sentences. Some parts of speech do not change their position while some of them can be used in different senses.

1. Open Class of Parts of Speech:

Content words are words that have meaning. They are words we would look up in a dictionary, such as "lamp," "computer," and "drove." New content words are constantly added to the English language; old content words constantly leave the language as they become obsolete. Therefore, we refer to content words as an "open" class. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are content parts of speech 

2. Closed Class of Parts of Speech:

Function words are words that exist to explain or create grammatical or structural relationships into which the content words may fit. Words like "of," "the," and "to," have little meaning of their own. They are much fewer in number and generally do not change as English adds and omits content words. Therefore, we refer to function words as a "closed" class. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, qualifiers/intensifiers, and interrogatives are some function parts of speech.

Part of Speech:

There are eight parts of speech:

1. Noun                2. Verb                 3. Pronoun    

4. Adjective           5. Adverb             6. Preposition 

7. Conjunction      8. Interjection



1. Noun: It is a word that is the name of a person,  animal, place, thing,  or idea is called a noun.

Examples: 

                Faisal Mosque (place)

                Cat (animal)

                Sara (person)

                Jug (thing)

                Love (Idea)

           


[Note: Below underline blue words are nouns]

i)     I am a girl. 

ii)    It is an ant. 

iii)   He took my pencil. 

iv)   He is a naughty boy.



2. Verb: a verb defines any action.

Examples: 

                running                 read

                baking                  burn

                eat                        catch


[Note: Underline Red words are verbs and blue are nouns.]

i) He took my pencil.

ii) I love playing football.

iii) The cat chases the mouse.



3. Pronoun: a word used in place of a noun is called a pronoun.


Three types of pronouns;

i) First Person Pronoun: who is speaking

I, We/us, me, mine, our, and my is First Person Pronoun


ii) Second Person Pronoun: to who is someone speaking

you, your, and yours are Second Person Pronouns.


iii) Third Person Pronoun:  about whom someone is speaking Or The person being spoken of. 


Singular:                                 Plural.

He, she, it, him,                          They it, their, them

her, his, it's


Examples: 

i)    I (First Person) like (verb) chocolates (noun).

ii)    We (first Person) are going (verb) for a picnic.

iii)    How old are you (second Person)? 

iv)    Where is your (second Person) house (noun).

v)    Is this book (noun) yours (second Person)? 

vi)    He (Third Person - Singular) is a lazy boy. 

vii)   She (Third Person - Singular) loves cooking.

viii)    It (Third Person - Singular) is a beautiful sofa.

ix)    They (Third Person - plural) are playing cricket. 

x)    They (Third Person - plural) love their (Third Person - plural) parents.

xi)    We (first Person) hate them (Third Person - plural).


 

4. Adjective: an adjective describe the quality of a noun or pronoun.

Examples: 

i)     Sara (noun) is a good (adjective) singer (noun).

ii)     He runs very fast (adjective).

iii)     He is the tallest (adjective) in his class.

iv)     The witch is ugly (adjective).

v)     That girl is short (adjective).



5. Adverb: a word that tells us more about a verb in a sentence.

Examples:

i)    The girls danced beautifully (adverb).

ii)    The dog barked loudly (adverb).

iii)    She walks slowly (adverb).

[Changing Adjective into an adverb:

Usually, we can make an adverb by adding -ly to an adjective.

Examples: quick (adjective) - quickly (adverb)


But when an adjective ends with 'y' We change y into i and then add ly. 

Examples: happy (adjective) - happily (adverb) ]


6. Preposition: a word that shows the position of one noun from another.

Examples: in, out, on, under above, over, of, round, around, etc.


[Note: the underlined red word are prepositions and the blue ones are nouns]

i)     The ball is in the box.

ii)     The plate is on the table.

iii)     The cat is under the bed.

iv)    The boy is hiding behind the tree.

v)    The plane flew over the building. 


7. Conjunction (joining word):  a word that joins two words or sentences.

Examples: but, and, still, or, either, nor, neither, as, for because, etc


i) Black and white 

ii) I apologized to her but she did not forgive me. 

iii) I did not come to school because I was ill.



8. Interjection: An interjection is a word that shows/expresses a sudden feeling or emotion. They end with an exclamation mark (!).


Example: 

i)    Hmm! you are right.

ii)    Yummm! It's very tasty.

iii)    Alas! He is dead.

iv)    Oh! I got frightened.

v)    Hush! Don't make a noise. 

vi)    What! a beautiful painting it is. 

vii)    Hurrah! I have done my finals

viii)    Ah! Have they gone? 


Other examples are: bravo!, ha!, well done!




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Easy English Grammar Notes

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